News & Updates

In cooperation with the American Ambulance Association, we and others have created a running compilation of local and national news stories relating to EMS delivery. Since January, 2021, over 1,800 news reports have been chronicled, with 49% highlighting the EMS staffing crisis, and 34% highlighting the funding crisis. Combined reports of staffing and/or funding account for 83% of the media reports! 96 reports cite EMS system closures/agencies departing communities, and 95% of the news articles reference staffing challenges, funding issues and response times.


Click below for an up to date list of these news stories, with links to the source documents.

Media Log as of 3-27-24 READ Only.xlsx

  • 1 Aug 2019 8:23 AM | AIMHI Admin (Administrator)

    Governing source article | Comments courtesy of Matt Zavadsky

    Mattie did a great job on this article in this month’s Governing Magazine - a very important publication for our profession!

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    Can we Fix 911? Bringing EMS into the 21st Century

    BY MATTIE QUINN | AUGUST 2019

    An ambulance’s wailing sirens, a fire truck’s flashing lights: These are a constant feature of urban life, as ubiquitous as a Starbucks on every corner or a traffic jam at 5 p.m. 

    But nearly a third of the times an ambulance or a fire truck speeds by to answer a 911 call, there is no actual emergency.

    The number of 911 callers who don’t need to go to a hospital emergency department sits at around 30 percent, according to Kevin McGinnis of the National Association of State EMS Officials. 

    The “false alarms” are more than an annoyance; they are a drain on the public purse, a frustration for responders and often an unhelpful source of assistance for the caller. It’s a problem that’s been around almost as long as 911 systems have. What is changing is the approach some cities and counties are taking to the way emergency medical services are delivered. Namely, a number of EMS officials are working to align their services with other community health goals. For instance, instead of automatically dropping a 911 caller at a hospital’s emergency department, an ambulance could, when appropriate, be rerouted to bring a person in distress to a sobering center, an urgent care clinic or a warming center. “Frequent flyers” -- those who call 911 more than once a month -- could be enrolled in a program that would help them address their chronic health conditions. Health issues that aren’t truly an emergency could be triaged by a nurse watching via an iPad in a call center when the call comes in. 

    CONTINUE READING►


  • 29 Jul 2019 8:08 AM | AIMHI Admin (Administrator)

    NYT source article | Comments courtesy of Matt Zavadsky

    Interesting article in the NYT. 

    Here are a few of the key statements that illustrate the difference in ambulance economic models, compared to other healthcare providers, and the impact of government subsidies on provider charges:

    Congress has shown little appetite to include ambulances in a federal law restricting surprise billing. One proposal would bar surprise bills from air ambulances, helicopters that transport patients who are at remote sites or who have life-threatening injuries. (These types of ambulances tend to be run by private companies.)

    But that interest has not extended to more traditional ambulance services — in part because many are run by local and municipal governments.

    Anthony Wright, executive director of Health Access California, worked on a 2016 California law to restrict surprise billing. Initially, he thought it made sense to include ambulances in that legislation.

    But obstacles quickly began to mount. Some were about policy, like whether California would need to offset the revenue local governments would lose.

    Local governments generally finance their ambulance services through a mix of user fees and taxes. If ambulances charge less to patients, they typically need more government funding.

    Municipal governments often publish the prices of their ambulance services online, and they can range substantially. In Moraga and Orinda, in the Bay Area, the base rate for an ambulance ride is $2,600, plus $42 for each mile traveled. In Marion County, Fla., the most basic kind of ambulance ride costs $550, plus $11.25 per mile.

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    Politicians Tackle Surprise Bills, but Not the Biggest Source of Them: Ambulances

    A legislative push in Congress and states to end unexpected medical bills has omitted the ambulance industry.

    By Sarah Kliff and Margot Sanger-Katz

    July 22, 2019

    After his son was hit by a car in San Francisco and taken away by ambulance, Karl Sporer was surprised to get a bill for $800.

    Mr. Sporer had health insurance, which paid for part of the ride. But the ambulance provider felt that amount wasn’t enough, and billed the Sporer family for the balance.

    “I paid it quickly,” Mr. Sporer said. “They go to collections if you don’t.”

    That was 15 years ago, but ambulance companies around the nation are still sending such surprise bills to customers, as Mr. Sporer knows well. These days, he oversees the emergency medical services in neighboring Alameda County. The contract his county negotiated allows a private ambulance company to send similar bills to insured patients.

    CONTINUE READING►


  • 26 Jul 2019 8:00 PM | AIMHI Admin (Administrator)

    Civil Beat source article | Comments courtesy of Matt Zavadsky

    A VERY well done article and even better program!  Kudos to our pacific island EMS crews and their governing body for taking this step!

    Note the use also of Community Health Workers.  And, Hawaii has a nearly universal payer system, which helps these types of programs demonstrate value.

    We were blessed to host Jesse Ebersole and Vern Hara from Hawaii County EMS at MedStar a couple of years ago, they have very unique challenges and now, it seems, unique solutions!

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    State Aims To Reduce Unnecessary ER Visits By Empowering Paramedics

    Hawaii is creating a community paramedicine program that officials hope will mean fewer ambulance trips to hospitals.

    By Lorin Eleni Gill

    July 26, 2019

    Minor wounds, rashes, gout pain — these are some of the many medical conditions that should be taken seriously, but they may not merit a 911 call or a trip to the emergency room.

    Hawaii health officials are considering how to reduce unnecessary ER visits through a community paramedicine program. The revised emergency transport system that could begin next year would allow medical professionals to transfer patients to predesignated destinations, such as urgent care clinics, or even provide complete treatment at the scene.

    “Can paramedics go treat people in the field, in the community setting under a physician’s direction, and offer a treatment when they don’t need to go anywhere?” asked James Ireland, a nephrologist and the former director of the Honolulu Emergency Services Department. “Can they do some simple wound cleaning and start the patient on some antibiotics under the guidance of a physician? I think that’s where the huge cost savings can be.”

    When Gov. David Ige signed Act 140 into law June 25, it marked the latest development in an effort to make Hawaii’s emergency response system run more smoothly. Starting as early as next year, the law will allow paramedics or other medical professionals to treat some patients at the scene of an emergency — or nonemergency —  and navigate them to appropriate care at other clinical sites.

    CONTINUE READING►


  • 23 Jul 2019 10:42 AM | AIMHI Admin (Administrator)

    Fierce Healthcare source article | Comments courtesy of Matt Zavadsky

    A very interesting perspective on our healthcare system as experienced by an “insider”.  We’ve all heard similar tales from our partners IN the healthcare system. 

    This is why healthcare system partners, especially that payer community, is more and more looking to partner with “EMS” to assist with patient navigation from 9-1-1 activations, and to help manage super-utilizer patients.

    Here’s a link to a tragically ironic video depicting what it would be like if air travel worked like our healthcare system.  It’s hilarious, but only because it’s sadly true – worth the 7 minutes you will invest watching the video – you’ll laugh, but maybe it will spur some thoughts on how we fix this.

    https://youtu.be/5J67xJKpB6c

    Editor's Corner—I write about healthcare. I still found myself lost in the unnavigable healthcare system

    by Jacqueline Renfrow | 

    Jul 15, 2019

     

    We need a healthcare system that uses all of the amazing technology and ingenuity that is available in 2019 while staying affordable and, most importantly, puts the patient’s well-being first.

    It began back in January with a simple rash—or so we thought.

    My daughter had a rash all over her body, so I took her to the pediatrician. “Maybe it is a virus, or maybe it is just dermatitis. Don’t worry about it,” the doctor said. I was told to apply lotion and give it time.

    A month later, we were at the dermatologist. We went back two weeks later, and then four weeks later, and then again another two times. With each visit, we got another cream, another possible diagnosis. No change in the rash.

    So we returned to our pediatrician's office, which employs more than half-a-dozen physicians. 

    Each of the five times we went back, a different physician offered a different diagnosis. I'd repeat the same story and answer the exact same line of questioning (both to a nurse and a doctor at every visit). At doctor after doctor, my daughter’s height and weight were taken, to the point that she’d announce, “47 inches and 47 pounds” before she even got on the scale. She knew the drill by heart, as did I.

    The ones not in the know were the physicians.

    Each specialist we saw asked which creams she had tried, which antibiotics she had taken and which labs had been run. After my daughter’s second blood draw, I realized that from one doctor to another, no one knew which tests had already been performed. So I started carrying a folder with lab results and a bag of medicine bottles so I had the answers in hand.

    As a mother, I knew something serious was wrong. My daughter had headaches, stomachaches, she couldn’t sleep and was barely eating. Plus, she had one dilated pupil. And her skin was so itchy that she scratched until she bled, meaning several rounds of antibiotics had to be taken to avoid infection.

    We met with an ophthalmologist, an allergist, a rheumatologist and then another dermatologist. I was given ridiculous answers such as: “It’s most likely that the headaches are just behavioral.”

    I was also given scary possible scenarios such as: “There could be a mass behind her eye.”

    And beyond my new role as the walking data collector, I had to fight to get my child in for an appointment.

    Apparently, specialists for children are few and far between, even around the major metropolitan area in which I live. I was told I’d have to wait more than two months to get an appointment with a pediatric ophthalmologist and around the same amount of time for a pediatric allergist.

    But how can you tell a mother that her child could have a brain mass and then expect her to wait to see a physician for more than eight weeks?

    I called in favors. I called friends with specialists and doctors and asked them to get me in. I was willing to pay out of pocket. Insurance was an afterthought at this point. I was willing to travel to any office, any time of day or take any cancellation. And I considered myself lucky to get scheduled with a nurse practitioner at the rheumatologist’s office because the doctor could not get us in until the fall.

    Almost six months after this all began, I reluctantly took my daughter to yet another dermatologist. I’d been on his waiting list awhile. I was told he was older, unfriendly and very off-putting to children. But at this point, I had nothing to lose: The next step was the neurologist.

    Bedside manner aside, this gruff physician finally gave us the answer we'd been searching for. He found a rare bacteria on my daughter’s skin and told us how to treat it. Two weeks later, her rash, along with all of her other symptoms, were gone. It was a relief. 

    But the experience left me feeling frustrated, exhausted, lost and desperate for a different way. I wondered how anyone, sick or healthy, could be expected to navigate a system so divided in communication.

    As a reporter, I’m well aware of the challenges in the U.S. healthcare system. I’ve followed the debates on pricing transparency, drug rebates, value-based care, electronic health record connectivity, physician burnout and access to care. But I learned how frightening it is to be a patient—or the parent of a patient—and have so many physicians give you so many varying opinions and diagnoses.

    I also learned that no one in the healthcare system was going to advocate for my daughter, so it was going to have to be me.

    And I learned that healthcare providers and systems do not communicate with one another. There is no sharing of opinions, lab results, data or doctor-patient relationships.

    I am left with a stack of medical bills and a pit in my stomach that this country has a long way to go to create a clear, navigable system for Americans. We need a system that uses all of the amazing technology and ingenuity that is available in 2019 while staying affordable and, most importantly, puts the patient’s well-being first.


  • 23 Jul 2019 9:57 AM | AIMHI Admin (Administrator)

    FierceHealthcare source article | Comments courtesy of Matt Zavadsky

    Interesting brief from UnitedHealthcare – this is likely a driver for payers discussing in earnest alternate payment models for EMS, models that add value to the payer through appropriate navigation of beneficiaries who access 911 for their healthcare needs.

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    UnitedHealth: Healthcare could save $32B annually by diverting avoidable ED visits

    by Jacqueline Renfrow

    Jul 22, 2019

    UnitedHealth Group says 27 million annual trips to the ED are unnecessary.

    https://www.fiercehealthcare.com/payer/two-thirds-ed-visits-avoidable 

    One of the biggest contributors to the rising costs of healthcare is avoidable visits to hospital emergency departments (EDs). In fact, up to two-thirds of the annual 27 million ED visits by privately insured people in the U.S. are avoidable, according to a new brief (PDF) from UnitedHealth Group.

    The average costs of treating these conditions in an ED is $2,032, which is 12 times higher than the $167 it would cost in a physician’s office. The cost is even 10 times higher than visiting urgent care—on average $193.

    Overall, UnitedHealth Group says the healthcare system could save $32 billion a year by diverting these ED visits to primary care or urgent care.

    UnitedHealth Group defines an “avoidable trip” as one that could be treated in a primary care setting. In other words: not an actual emergency. Some of the conditions seen in EDs that could be handled by a primary care physician include bronchitis, cough, dizziness, flu, headache, low back pain, nausea, sore throat, strep throat and upper respiratory infection.

    “The high number of avoidable hospital ED visits is neither a surprise nor a new problem,” L.D. Platt, UnitedHealth Group vice president of external affairs communications told FierceHealthcare in an email. “Uneven access to timely, consumer-friendly and convenient primary care options is a longstanding problem, and there is a need to bolster and expand primary care capacity through urgent care centers, physician offices and nurse practitioners.”

    Platt notes, however, that until there are better options, consumers will continue to visit EDs for primary-care-treatable conditions.

    What are the main contributors that make ED visits so much more expensive?

    First, hospital facility fees, which cost an average of $1,069 per patient visit. And second, lab, pathology and radiology services cost around $335 per visit at a hospital and $31 at a doctor’s office.

    “Increasing primary care capacity and making primary care options more available and accessible to consumers beyond normal business hours will help consumers avoid unnecessary and costly visits to hospital EDs,” Platt said.

    Of course, taking direct action to curb avoidable visits under control has proved to be a trickier proposition as insurers' attempts to target non-emergency use of the ED have faced heavy criticism and lawsuits.

    For instance, Anthem’s Blue Cross Blue Shield of Georgia was sued last year after instituting a policy to retrospectively deny payments for emergency department encounters it deemed “non-emergent." UnitedHealth also announced it was adopting a new policy for emergency services last year, saying that if it decided a coding— denoting intensity of emergency services provided in an ED—was not justified, they could downcode provider reimbursement or reject it completely. It has faced some pushback from some providers over its claims denial policies.


  • 10 Jul 2019 1:16 PM | AIMHI Admin (Administrator)

    Health Affairs source article | Comments courtesy of Matt Zavadsky

    Interesting data report in this month’s Health Affairs.

    Original and highlighted versions of the published study attached.  Highlighted sections replicated below for your convenience.

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    Air Ambulances With Sky-High Charges

    Ge Bai, Arjun Chanmugam, Valerie Y. Suslow, and Gerard F. Anderson

    JULY 2019

    https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2018.05375

    ABSTRACT

    Charges for air ambulance services were 4.1–9.5 times higher than what Medicare paid for the same services in 2016. The median charge ratios (the charge divided by the Medicare rate) for the services increased by 46–61 percent in 2012–16. Air ambulance charges varied substantially across the US, and some of the largest providers had among the highest charges.

    In 2017 two-thirds of air ambulance services with available billing information on network status for privately insured patients were out of network.4 In 2016 the national median charges for air ambulance services were 4.1–9.5 times the Medicare rates; in contrast, the national median charges for ground ambulance services were 2.8 times what Medicare paid (exhibit 1).

    STUDY RESULTS

    As shown in exhibits 1 and 2, the national median charges for initial fees and mileage rates for air ambulances for rotary-wing air ambulances were 5.3 and 7.3 times the Medicare rate, respectively, compared to 4.1 and 9.5 times that rate for fixed-wing air ambulances. In contrast, the national median charges for initial fees and mileage rates for ground ambulances were 1.7–2.8 times the Medicare rate.

    Charges increased substantially over this time. The median charge increased by approximately 60 percent, from $24,000 to $39,000, for both types of air ambulances (appendix exhibit A2).6In the same period, the median charge ratios for the mileage rate increased for rotary (55 percent, from 4.7 to 7.3) and fixed wing (46 percent, from 6.5 to 9.5) (exhibit 4). The median ratios for the initial fee also increased, by 61 percent (from 3.3 to 5.3) for rotary and 46 percent (from 2.8 to 4.1) for fixed wing.

    The high charges might be the result not of lack of entrants or limited supply, but of a market failure.

    Encouraging the market entry of new air ambulance providers could spur competition and reduce charges, but since many incumbent providers possess underused capacity, the market may already be saturated.8 The high charges, therefore, might be the result not of lack of entrants or limited supply, but of a market failure. Patients lack control over which air ambulance provider transports them, nor can they check provider network status or conduct price comparisons in the midst of an emergency serious enough to require air ambulance service.

  • 4 Jul 2019 11:00 AM | AIMHI Admin (Administrator)

    Modern Healthcare source article | Comments courtesy of Matt Zavadsky HCA has been investing heavily in the Urgent Care model – as referenced in the article, they acquired 24 of them back in October 2016, and they are part of our current ambulance transport alternatives program for a capitated payment agreement we have with a commercial payer.

    They have been very willing to partner on data and outcome sharing, as well as making it easy for us to refer patients to them, both through our 9-1-1 Nurse Triage program, as well as part of a 9-1-1 response.  HCA/CareNow have already reached out with interest in being part of ET3 models as a non-participating partner.

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    HCA buys two dozen urgent-care centers from Fresenius Medical Care

    July 2, 2019

    HCA Healthcare purchased 24 MedSpring urgent-care centers from Fresenius Medical Care, the investor-owned hospital chain announced Tuesday.

    The urgent-care centers will operate under HCA's Medical City Healthcare division and be rebranded as CareNow Urgent Care. The acquisition adds eight centers to CareNow's 37 North Texas locations. In 2018, CareNow and Medical City Children's Urgent Care clinics served about 10% of the Dallas-Fort Worth population, with more than 770,000 patient visits, HCA said.

    "Like many of our communities across the country, Austin, Dallas and Houston are experiencing significant growth, and increasingly people want to be able to access healthcare services closer to where they live and work," HCA CEO Sam Hazen said in prepared remarks. "The addition of these urgent-care centers will complement our already robust healthcare networks and help us provide more convenient access for our patients."

    Medical City Healthcare has invested more than $1.7 billion over four years in access points, including CareNow urgent-care locations, infrastructure and new technology, HCA said.

    With the addition, CareNow will operate 160 urgent-care centers across the country. Terms of the deal were not disclosed.

    Investors have targeted urgent care and medical offices, particularly in rapidly growing markets, as the industry pushes for more convenient, affordable care.

    The number of U.S. urgent-care centers swelled to 8,774 as of November 2018, up 8% from 8,125 in 2017, according to the Urgent Care Association's annual report. The number of Medicare and Medicaid patients seeking services at urgent-care centers continues to grow, accounting for nearly 27% of all visits in 2018.

    "This acquisition creates more access to the quality healthcare services our community needs, when and where they need them," Erol Akdamar, president of Medical City Healthcare, said in prepared remarks.

    HCA Healthcare reported net income of $3.79 billion on revenue of $46.68 billion in 2018, up from $2.22 billion in net income on revenue of $43.61 billion in 2017.

    Same-facility inpatient admissions increased 2.5% during 2018 while same-facility outpatient surgeries rose 1.8%.

    Outpatient revenue as a percentage of patient revenue remained relatively flat at 38.2%.

    The gap between U.S. hospitals' outpatient and inpatient revenue continued to shrink in 2017, according to the American Hospital Association.


  • 30 Jun 2019 7:02 AM | AIMHI Admin (Administrator)

    AIMHI is deeply saddened to share the passing of longtime leader and friend Patrick Smith.

    Patrick Wells Smith, age 65, passed away unexpectedly on June 21, 2019, at his home in Reno, Nev.  He was well-known as a nationally-respected innovator and icon in the Emergency Medical Services (EMS) industry. Most recently he was the President and CEO of REMSA (Regional Emergency Medical Services Authority) and Care Flight, based in Reno, from January 1990 through March 2013 and then President of SEMSA (Sierra Emergency Medical Services Authority) also based in Reno,  from April 2013 to June 2018.

    He was born on November 17, 1953 in Minneapolis, Minnesota, to parents Ted Arvel Smith and Margaret Wells Smith. He was the second of three children. He attended Minnetonka High School, got his start as an EMT in 1973 as a college student in Minnesota, and soon began taking on supervisory roles for EMS agencies in Minnesota and Oregon. In 1980 he was hired as an assistant director of Metropolitan Ambulance Services Trust in Kansas City where he consulted to establish EMS systems in Fort Wayne, IN.; Pinellas County, FL; Fort Worth, TX; and Little Rock, AK. He worked as Vice President of Eastern Ambulance in Syracuse New York after that before moving to Reno. 

    He was well known for his innovation and leadership in EMS systems design and medical 911 communications systems. One of his most fascinating stories was his role as a first responder at the 1981 collapse of the walkway at the Hyatt Regency in Kansas City where he was one of the initial responders on site. It killed 114 people and injured 216. That experience inspired the ways he help REMSA to prepare for many crises in which the team needed to respond with speed and outstanding systems, but still compassion.

    During his time at REMSA he created and fostered programs such as the special events coverage team, community and professional education teams, and the TEMS program which attaches specially-trained paramedics from REMSA to the SWAT teams of local law enforcement. He received numerous local and national awards, including the Secretary of Defense Employer Support Freedom Award for small businesses in 2008 where he was awarded the opportunity to meet the President of the United States.

    He was proudest in his professional life when talking about his REMSA/Care Flight team. “It’s about the people,” he would often say. He was a proud and loving father and grandfather who passed on his devotion to Disney and instilled a deep loyalty to the Minnesota Vikings in his family. 

    He was very active at the leadership level volunteering in the American Ambulance Association, and also NAPUM, National Association of Public Utility Model, which was a group of EMS organizations across the nation, each with the unique structure of a Public Utility Model, which provided guaranteed quality of care, response times and coverage without tax subsidies. REMSA had been one of those PUMs since its creation in 1986.

    He is survived by his five children: Michelle Bergren (Matt), Aaron Smith (Divya), Danielle Sanford (Michael), Theodore Smith (Hailey), and Allison Hahn (Mark), his seven grandchildren: Blake, Sage, Bode, Rishi, Rohan, Hadley, and Cole, his nephews Jason  and Jeremy Smith, and the mother of his children and ex-wife, Linda Smith, who remained his good friend and co-parent/grandparent, as well as his many other friends and EMS and medical profession colleagues.

    He was preceded in death by his parents, his sister Diana Smith and his brother James Smith. 

    A celebration of life will be held on Tuesday July 2, from 4 to 7pm at 10379 Dixon Lane in Reno. 

    In lieu of flowers, the family requests donations to Truckee Meadows Community College to the Patrick Smith Memorial Scholarship, which will be for students who want to study to become an Emergency Medical Technician, or a Paramedic. 

    Please send donations to:

    TMCC Foundation
    7000 Dandini Blvd, RDMT 200 
    Reno, Nevada 89512-3999 

    You can also donate online at: https://www.tmcc.edu/foundation/support-tmcc/make-gift. In the “Leave a Comment” box just note your donation is for the Patrick Smith Memorial Scholarship.


  • 28 Jun 2019 8:48 AM | AIMHI Admin (Administrator)

    EMSWorld Source Article | Comments courtesy of Matt Zavadsky

    Outstanding initiative by the folks in Ohio!  The most recent NAEMT MIH-CP Survey revealed multiple EMS agencies in OH doing MIH-CP programs – coupling those proactive service lines with navigation of patients requesting episodic care through the 911 access point may demonstrate significant value!

    Ohio Health System Launches EMS-Based Accountable Care Network

    06/25/2019

    John Erich

    Responding to real time-critical emergencies isn’t a big part of EMS providers’ jobs. Most of what we do, truth be told, is provide access to the healthcare system, primarily through transport to an emergency department. 

    That gives EMS a unique ethical burden. Callers to 9-1-1 don’t have a choice of ambulance providers; rarely can the direly hurt or ill offer informed consent. This means EMS bears much of the responsibility for ensuring its care is appropriate. In turn, that has obviously large implications for the use of health systems’ finite resources. 

    While the latter hasn’t historically been their purview, emergency medical services are well positioned to shape stewardship of those limited dollars. At the junction of planned and unplanned care, hospital and out-of-hospital, EMS is optimally suited to reach patients early, establish directions for further care, and impact much that happens downstream. 

    CONTINUE READING►


  • 25 Jun 2019 8:43 AM | AIMHI Admin (Administrator)

    HealthAffairs Source Article | Comments courtesy of Matt Zavadsky

    Nice summary from the Health Affairs on yesterday’s Executive Order…  Much to unpack in the near future as the rules are proposed….

    Unpacking The Executive Order On Health Care Price Transparency And Quality

    Katie Keith

    JUNE 25, 2019

    On January [June] 24, 2019, President Donald Trump issued a highly anticipated executive order on health care price and quality transparency. The White House also posted a fact sheet alongside the order. The goal of the executive order is to help consumers know the prices and quality of a good or service and to make informed decisions about their health care. The executive order is consistent with recent rules to, for instance, require drug manufacturers to disclose list prices in their advertisements or require hospitals to publish list prices on their websites.

    Generally speaking, the executive order directs an array of federal agencies to adopt rules, issue guidance, or develop reports with the goal of increasing the transparency of health care price and quality information.

    CONTINUE READING►


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